基于农作制分区的1985—2015年中国小麦生产时空变化

Comparing spatio-temporal variation characteristics of China’s wheat production, yield, sown area and yield-area-contribution in different farming zones in the past 30 years could help improving wheat planting layout and adjusting planting structure. Concentration index, rate of change, moving of gravity and resolution of yield-area-contribution were used to analyze spatio-temporal changes of China’s wheat production and yield-area-contribution based on county wheat production statistics including sown area, production and yield from 1985 to 2015. The wheat sown area decreased obviously in Northeast farming region, Northwest farming region and South farming region and increased rapidly in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Yangtze Plain farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, the concentration indexes of Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region reached to 20.64%, 25.77%, and 21.65% respectively in 2015. Wheat production increased significantly by more than 48 milliontons in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, and nearly 8 million tons Yangtze Plain farming region but decreased by more than 2.6 million tons in Northeast farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat production was concentrated in Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Yuxi Hill farming region. The average wheat yield continuously improved during the study period, Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Northwest farming region had the yield increase up to 103.5 kg hm ^-2 and 92.9 kg hm ^-2 each year. Wheat yield in Yuxi Hill farming region, Fenwei Basin farming region and Haihe Plain farming region was relatively high in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region. The yield-reduced area was mainly caused by the decreasing of sown area, while the yield-area-contribution rate was different in yield-increased area. Yield-dominant counties were reduced, area-dominant counties were increased and yield-area-dominant counties were relatively steady. In production increased area, yield-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Huang-Huai-Hai Farming region, area-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Yangtze Plain farming region. Chinese wheat production was increasingly concentrated in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region which has high and rapid increase of wheat yield over the past three decades. Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region were the most concentrated areas in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region for wheat production during this period. Wheat yield and sown area jointly promoted the increase of wheat production in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat sown area was the crucial factor to increase wheat production in Yangtze Plain farming region, especially in the north of Jiangsu, Anhui province and greater part of Xinjiang.     

红茶菌的国内外研究现状

红茶菌是以糖茶水为主要原料,经微生物发酵后形成的一种功能性茶饮品。近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高和保健意识的增强,具有多种保健功效的红茶菌受到国内外研究者的广泛关注,其全球销售量也呈指数增长。本文重点梳理了红茶菌中的微生物组成及其共生关系,概括了原料、培养条件和菌种组成对红茶菌发酵的影响,并归纳了红茶菌在抗氧化、抑菌、护肝、提高免疫力和防癌抗癌方面的保健功能研究。红茶菌生产中,活性大分子的鉴定和形成机制、各菌种的益生效果、发酵罐水平的精准调控、产品稳定性提升等方面还需进行深入研究。另外,本文展望了红茶菌在多个领域的应用前景,以期为红茶菌工业化生产提供参考。     

浙江省哈摇蚊属种类记述

依据浙江省已有标本,详细描述了浙江省短叶哈摇蚊[Harnischia curtilamellata(Malloch,1915)]、截铗哈摇蚊[Harnischia japonica(Hashimoto,1984)]、叶突哈摇蚊[Harnischia tenuitubercula(ChaudhuriChattopadhyay,1990)]和膨铗哈摇蚊[Harnischia turgidula(WangZheng,1993)]等4种哈摇蚊属,并附主要特征图和分种检索表。以上4种均为浙江省新记录种,其中叶突哈摇蚊为中国新记录种。     

新型肥料在辣椒上的肥效试验研究

开展新型肥料及减化肥增有机肥对辣椒产量、品质、土壤的影响试验研究。结果表明,每公顷增施有机肥7 500 kg,化肥比常规施肥量减量30%的处理,均比对应施用单一化学肥料的处理增产,且单果重等产量相关性状均有所增加,亚硝酸盐含量明显降低,维生素C及可溶性蛋白质含量普遍提高。化肥与有机肥协同作用条件下,每公顷全生育期施用芭田复合肥1 260 kg+微生物有机肥7 500 kg的处理其果实性状最优,产量最高,品质较好。单一化肥比较,施用大量元素水溶性肥的处理产量最高;施用中微量元素的处理畸病果率最低;控释肥明显提高果实品质,极大降低亚硝酸盐含量。针对试验后土壤酸化,养分配比不科学问题,建议采用配方施肥方法科学施肥。     

江苏省4个太湖新银鱼种群遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)是我国特有的银鱼种类，主要分布在长江和淮河中下游及其附属湖泊，近年来其资源量呈明显下降趋势。为了解太湖新银鱼遗传背景，本研究采用线粒体细胞色素b (Cytochrome b, Cyt b)基因序列，分析了江苏省太湖、高邮湖、洪泽湖和骆马湖4个太湖新银鱼野生群体共144尾样本的遗传多样性及遗传结构。结果显示，太湖新银鱼Cyt b基因序列共发现29个变异位点，定义25个单倍型；平均单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.682±0.037，核苷酸多样性(π)为0.00231±0.00021；4个群体中，高邮湖群体的遗传多样性最高(Hd: 0.609±0.078; π: 0.00094± 0.00027)，太湖群体的遗传多样性最低(Hd: 0.343±0.107; π: 0.00075±0.00033)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示，太湖新银鱼群体间遗传差异(71.53%)大于群体内遗传差异(28.47%)，遗传变异主要来自于群体间。遗传分化指数Fst值统计检验表明，骆马湖群体与太湖、高邮湖和洪泽湖群体之间有显著性差异。分子系统树和单倍型网络进化图分析显示，25个单倍型形成2个明显的地理分支，一支由太湖群体、高邮湖群体和洪泽湖群体组成，另一支由骆马湖群体组成。中性检验和错配分布图分析表明，太湖新银鱼历史上发生过群体扩张。整体来看，太湖新银鱼野生种群遗传多样性较低，应加强种质资源保护。建议将太湖、高邮湖群体和洪泽湖群体作为整体进行管理和保护，骆马湖群体单独管理和保护。     

温度对四川华鳊胚胎发育的影响

为探索温度对四川华鳊胚胎发育的影响,笔者观察16、19、22、25、28、31℃6个温度条件下四川华鳊的胚胎发育过程,描述总结(25±0.5)℃下胚胎发育各个阶段的形态特征。研究结果显示,四川华鳊胚胎发育过程可划分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官分化和出膜等8个连续发育阶段;在(25±0.5)℃下孵化总历时44.83 h;在温度为16℃时,胚胎发育至原肠胚晚期全部死亡;19℃时孵化率为30.00%,其中畸形致死占87.19%,显著高于其余4个温度组(P<0.05);温度由19℃升至31℃时,胚胎发育所需时间变短,各温度间差异显著(P<0.05),其中器官分化阶段均用时最长,占整个胚胎孵化历时的72.53%~77.07%;胚胎畸形率随着温度升高而上升,31℃的胚胎畸形率约为28℃的2倍;在22~28℃时,胚胎的受精率和孵化率、成活率最高,畸形率最低。研究结果表明,水温在(19±1)℃,卵径(y)与胚胎孵化时间(x)的关系为y=49.56-44.36x+47.92x^2(r^2=0.996);水温22~28℃为适宜孵化温度,最佳水温约为25℃;胚胎发育的生物学零度为12.69℃,有效积温为522.35~595.11℃·h。     

水产养殖鱼类生长性状研究进展

生长性状是水产养殖鱼类最重要的经济性状之一,对水产养殖业的发展意义重大。通过以不同的养殖鱼类为对象,大量的研究结果表明,鱼类生长主要受环境、基因,以及基因与环境相互作用的影响,具体为:(1)环境是生长性状调控的外因,其对生长的影响一般呈现出剂量效应的规律。温度、光照、营养等主要环境因子的过量和不足均可能对鱼类生长产生不利影响,因此,寻求最优条件是制定最佳养殖环境的终极目标,人为调控多种环境因子在现代水产养殖业中具有重大的应用潜力。(2)基因是生长性状调控的内因,其对生长的影响很大程度上表现出因果效应的关系。某些基因的单碱基核苷酸多样性、基因结构变异、染色体倍性变化,以及转基因等都表现出对鱼类生长产生统计显著性的影响。鉴于生长是多基因控制的复杂数量性状,寻找主效基因并在选育中加以利用是改良生长性状的重要基础。高通量测序技术在生长相关候选基因的筛选以及辅助分子育种方面展现出强大的优势。(3)基因与环境相互作用的影响主要来自基因型对不同环境条件的适应性,具有特异性和复杂性的特点,因此目前对其量化研究非常有限。但在制定大规模商业育种计划之前,考虑基因与环境相互作用具有重要意义。综上所述,充分理解环境、基因,以及基因与环境相互作用对水产养殖鱼类生长的影响能更好地对其生长性状加以利用,从而最大限度地节约养殖成本和发挥生态效益。     

合水油田庄9区长82油层测井参数解释模型及储层评价下限标准

致密油层具有储集孔隙空间小,渗流能力差,非均质性强,岩性、电性变化大,油水关系复杂、流体测井识别难度大等特点,如何有效利用测井资料评价该类油层,对油田的勘探、开发具有重要意义.以鄂尔多斯盆地合水油田庄9区致密油层长82油层为例,充分利用测井、取心、录井、测试分析等资料,建立了合水油田长82油层测井参数解释模型:研究区开发井密度曲线较少,选用声波时差建立了孔隙度解释模型;孔隙度与渗透率相关性较好,利用两者交会图法获得渗透率模型;采用阿尔奇公式计算得到研究区的含油饱和度解释模型.并确定了储层评价下限标准:渗透率下限为0.1mD,孔隙度下限为8.0％,声波时差下限为220μs/m,电阻率下限为20Ω·m,含油饱和度下限为45％.该模型及下限标准为研究区致密油层的识别、储量的提交与升级提供了依据,也为复杂致密储层的测井评价提供了借鉴.